«K12/K13» Kohlenhydrate «PDF», «POD»

0.0.1 ↑ Kohlen(stoff)hydrate

[Schlussfolgerungen der Versuche:

• Trauben- und Rohrzucker enthalten \text{H}_2\text{O}${\text{H}}_2\text{O}$.

• Bei Versetzung mit Schwefelsäure entsteht elementarer Kohlenstoff.

• Trauben- und Rohrzucker sind polar.

• Traubenzucker ist oxidierbar (mittels Fehling- und Silberspiegelprobe) → Traubenzucker enthält eine Aldehydgruppe.

  Rohrzucker ist nicht oxidierbar (mittels Fehling- und Silberspiegelprobe).]

\text{C}_m\text{H}_{2n}\text{O}_n${\text{C}}_m{\text{H}}_{2n}{\text{O}}_n$

→ Summenformel: \text{C}_m\!\left(\text{H}_2\text{O}\right)_n${\text{C}}_m{\left({\text{H}}_2\text{O}\right)}_n$

Beispiele: Glycose, Saccharose, Watte, Mehl

Die verschiedenen Kohlenhydrate werden nach der Anzahl ihrer Bausteine z$z$ unterteilt.

a)

Monosaccharide: Einfachzucker; z = 1$z=1$

b)

Disaccharide: Zweifachzucker; z = 2$z=2$

c)

Oligosaccharide: Mehrfachzucker; z$z$ von 3–10

d)

Polysaccharide: Vielfachzucker; z$z$ von 10–100.000

0.0.1.1 ↑ Monosaccharide

[Beispiel: Vollständige Verbrennung von Glycose: \text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\,\text{O}_2 \longrightarrow 6\,\text{H}_2\text{O} + 6\,\text{CO}_2${\text{C}}_6{\text{H}}_{12}{\text{O}}_6+6{\text{O}}_2\to 6{\text{H}}_2\text{O}+6{\text{CO}}_2$]

Man unterteilt in:

a)

\overbrace{{ \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{cccccccc} {} & \text{H} & & & & \overline{\text{O}}| & & \\ {} & & \backslash{} & & /\!/ & & & \\ {} & & & \text{C} & & & & \\ {} & & & | & & & & \\ {} ( & \text{H} & - & \text{C} & - & \text{O} & \text{H} & )_n \\ {} & & & | & & & & \\ {} & & \text{H}_2 & \text{C} & \text{O} & \text{H} & & \end{array} }}^{\text{Aldosen}} \text{ und } \overbrace{{ \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{cccccccc} {} & & \text{H}_2 & \text{C} & \text{O} & \text{H} & & \\ {} & & & | & & & & \\ {} & & & \text{C} & = & \text{O}^\backslash_/ & & \\ {} & & & | & & & & \\ {} ( & \text{H} & - & \text{C} & - & \text{O} & \text{H} & )_{n-1} \\ {} & & & | & & & & \\ {} & & \text{H}_2 & \text{C} & \text{O} & \text{H} & & \end{array} }}^{\text{Ketosen}}$$ \text{[In der XHTML-Version fehlt hier eine Formel. In der PDF-Version ist sie vorhanden.]}$$

b)

Nach der Anzahl der C-Atome

\underbrace{{ \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{cccccc} {} \text{H} & & & & \overline{\text{O}}| & \\ {} & \backslash{} & & /\!/ & & \\ {} & & \text{C} & & & \\ {} & & | & & & \\ {} \text{H} & - & \text{C} & - & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & | & & & \\ {} & \text{H}_2 & \text{C} & - & \text{O} & \text{H} \end{array} }}_{\scriptsize\begin{array}{c}\text{Aldotriose}\\\text{2,3-Dihydroxy-}\\\text{propanol}\\\text{C}_3\text{H}_6\text{O}_3\end{array}} \stackrel{\text{Konstitutionsisomerie}}{\longleftrightarrow} \underbrace{{ \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{cccccc} {} & \text{H}_2 & \text{C} & - & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & | & & & \\ {} & & \text{C} & = & \text{O}^\backslash_/ & \\ {} & & | & & & \\ {} & \text{H}_2 & \text{C} & - & \text{O} & \text{H} \end{array} }}_{\scriptsize\begin{array}{c}\text{Ketotriose}\\\text{1,3-Dihydroxypropanon}\\\text{C}_3\text{H}_6\text{O}_3\end{array}}$\underset{\begin{array}{c}\hfill \text{Aldotriose}\hfill \\ \hfill \text{2,3-Dihydroxy-}\hfill \\ \hfill \text{propanol}\hfill \\ \hfill {\text{C}}_3{\text{H}}_6{\text{O}}_3\hfill \end{array}}{\underbrace{\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \overline{\text{O}}\mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \setminus \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill ∕∕\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill {\text{H}}_2\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \end{array}}}\stackrel{\text{Konstitutionsisomerie}}{\leftrightarrow }\underset{\begin{array}{c}\hfill \text{Ketotriose}\hfill \\ \hfill \text{1,3-Dihydroxypropanon}\hfill \\ \hfill {\text{C}}_3{\text{H}}_6{\text{O}}_3\hfill \end{array}}{\underbrace{\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill \hfill & \hfill {\text{H}}_2\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill =\hfill & \hfill {\text{O}}_{∕}^{\setminus }\hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill {\text{H}}_2\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \end{array}}}$

[Wenn das C mit der Nummer 1 (nach der "das C-Atom, was am höchsten oxidiert ist, ist Nummer 1"-Regel), nicht am Kettenende steht, gilt die Regel nicht und die normale Streubert-Regel setzt wieder ein.]

0.0.1.1.1 ↑ Stereoisomerie

Unterschiedliche räumliche Anordnung der Atomgruppen der Moleküle bei gleicher Reihenfolge und Verknüpfungsart.

Enantiomere:

Die beiden Stereoisomere verhalten sich wie Bild und Spiegelbild.

Glycerinaldehyd:

Enantiomere treten auf, wenn das Molekül ein C-Atom mit vier verschiedenen Substituenten enthält.

→ Asymmetrisches C-Atom

• Aldotetraose

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• Weinsäure (2,3-Dihydroxy-butandisäure)

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\hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}^{\ast }\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}^{\ast }\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \stackrel{\text{enantiomer}}{\leftrightarrow }\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}^{\ast }\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}^{\ast }\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill ∕\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \setminus \setminus \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill ∕\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \setminus \setminus \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \underset{¯}{\text{O}}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \underset{¯}{\text{O}}\mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \end{array}$

Festlegung: Stereoisomere Moleküle

• Bei n$n$ Chiralitätszentren (asymmetrische C-Atome) existieren 2^n$2^n$ Stereoisomere [Enantiomere und Diastereomere]. [Einige der "Isomere" sind eigentlich identisch. Wenn sie in der Schulaufgabe aber nach der Zahl der Stereoisomere fragt, stimmt 2^n$2^n$ als Antwort trotzdem.]

• Spiegelbildisomerie liegt vor, wenn innerhalb des Moleküls keine Symmetrieebenen vorliegen.

• Diastereomere sind Stereoisomere, die keine Enantiomere sind. Sie haben unterschiedliche physikalische Eigenschaften.

• Meso-Formen besitzen eine Symmetrieebene innerhalb des Moleküls und sind optisch inaktiv.

• Glucose

  \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccc} {} & & & \text{H} & & & & \overline{\text{O}}| & & & & & & {\ \ \ } & | & {\ \ \ } & & & |\overline{\text{O}} & & & & \text{H} & \\ {} & & & & \backslash{} & & /\!/ & & & & & & & {\ \ \ } & | & {\ \ \ } & & & & \backslash\!\backslash & & / & & \\ {} & & & & & \text{C} & & & & & & & & {\ \ \ } & | & {\ \ \ } & & & & & \text{C} & & & \\ {} & & & & & | & & & & & & & & {\ \ \ } & | & {\ \ \ } & & & & & | & & & \\ {} & & & & - & \text{C}^* & - & \text{O} & \text{H} & & \text{ ta} & & & {\ \ \ } & | & {\ \ \ } & & \text{H} & \text{O} & - & \text{C}^* & - & & \\ {} & & & & & | & & & & & & & & {\ \ \ } & | & {\ \ \ } & & & & & | & & & \\ {} \text{tü } & & \text{H} & \text{O} & - & \text{C}^* & - & & & & & & & {\ \ \ } & | & {\ \ \ } & & & & - & \text{C}^* & - & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & & & & | & & & & & & & & {\ \ \ } & | & {\ \ \ } & & & & & | & & & \\ {} & & & & - & \text{C}^* & - & \text{O} & \text{H} & & \text{ ta} & & & {\ \ \ } & | & {\ \ \ } & & \text{H} & \text{O} & - & \text{C}^* & - & & \\ {} & & & & & | & & & & & & & & {\ \ \ } & | & {\ \ \ } & & & & & | & & & \\ {} & & & & - & \text{C}^* & - & \text{O} & \text{H} & & \text{ ta} & & & {\ \ \ } & | & {\ \ \ } & & \text{H} & \text{O} & - & \text{C}^* & - & & \\ {} & & & & & | & & & & & & & & {\ \ \ } & | & {\ \ \ } & & & & & | & & & \\ {} & & & & - & \text{C} & - & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & {\ \ \ } & | & {\ \ \ } & & \text{H} & \text{O} & - & \text{C} & - & & \\ {} & & & & & | & & & & & & & & {\ \ \ } & | & {\ \ \ } & & & & & | & & & \end{array}$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccc}\hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \overline{\text{O}}\mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \overline{\text{O}}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \setminus \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill ∕∕\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \setminus \setminus \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill ∕\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}^{\ast }\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{ ta}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}^{\ast }\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \text{t }\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}^{\ast }\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}^{\ast }\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}^{\ast }\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{ ta}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}^{\ast }\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}^{\ast }\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{ ta}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}^{\ast }\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \end{array}$

• Mannose [links: D-Mannose, rechts: L-Mannose]

  \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccc} {} & & & \text{C} & \text{H} & \text{O} & & & & {\ \ \ } & | & {\ \ \ } & & & & & \text{C} & \text{H} & \text{O} & \\ {} & & & | & & & & & & {\ \ \ } & | & {\ \ \ } & & & & & | & & & \\ {} \text{H} & \text{O} & - & \text{C}^* & - & & & & & {\ \ \ } & | & {\ \ \ } & & & & - & \text{C} & - & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & & | & & & & & & {\ \ \ } & | & {\ \ \ } & & & & & | & & & \\ {} \text{H} & \text{O} & - & \text{C}^* & - & & & & & {\ \ \ } & | & {\ \ \ } & & & & - & \text{C}^* & - & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & & | & & & & & & {\ \ \ } & | & {\ \ \ } & & & & & | & & & \\ {} & & - & \text{C}^* & - & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & {\ \ \ } & | & {\ \ \ } & & \text{H} & \text{O} & - & \text{C}^* & - & & \\ {} & & & | & & & & & & {\ \ \ } & | & {\ \ \ } & & & & & | & & & \\ {} & & - & \text{C}^* & - & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & {\ \ \ } & | & {\ \ \ } & & \text{H} & \text{O} & - & \text{C}^* & - & & \\ {} & & & | & & & & & & {\ \ \ } & | & {\ \ \ } & & & & & | & & & \\ {} & & & \text{C} & \text{H}_2 & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & {\ \ \ } & | & {\ \ \ } & & & & & \text{C} & \text{H}_2 & \text{O} & \text{H} \end{array}$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccc}\hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}^{\ast }\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}^{\ast }\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}^{\ast }\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}^{\ast }\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}^{\ast }\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}^{\ast }\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}^{\ast }\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill {\text{H}}_2\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill {\text{H}}_2\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \end{array}$

[Spiegelbildisomere (Enantiomere) gibt's (wenn überhaupt) immer nur eins, Diastereoisomere kann's mehr geben.]

0.0.1.2 ↑ Fischerprojektion

[Verwendet man gestrichelte Linien, gilt: Gestrichelte Linien bedeuten "nach hinten", Keile "nach vorne". Die punktförmigen Keilenden setzt man an den Zentralatomen an.]

[Bei der Fischerprojektion gilt: Senkrechte Striche bedeuten "nach hinten", waagrechte "nach vorn". Bei der Fischerprojektion steht das höchstoxidierte C-Atom oben.]

[Zeigt die Hydroxylgruppe am letzten asymmetrischen C-Atom (in der Fischerprojektion unten) nach rechts, erhält das betreffende Molekül das Prefix "D-". Zeigt die Hydroxylgruppe nach links, setzt man "L-" vor den Molekülnamen.]

[Der Drehwinkel ist unabhängig von der "D-" bzw. "L-Heit".]

In der Natur kommen nur Zuckermoleküle mit D-Konfiguration vor.

[Fischerprojektion] zur Festlegung der Konfiguration der Substituenten am \text{C}^*${\text{C}}^{\ast }$-Atom.

1. C-Kette senkrecht stellen, höchstoxidiertes C-Atom nach oben.

2. \text{C}^*${\text{C}}^{\ast }$ wird in die Papierebene gelegt.

3. \text{C}{-}\text{C}$\text{C}-\text{C}$-Bindungen weisen hinter die Papierebene.

4. Bindungen, die nach rechts und links dargestellt werden, weisen aus der Papierebene heraus.

[Enthält ein Molekül eine Symmetrieebene, ist nicht chiral, auch, wenn es asymmetrische C-Atome an. Diese Symmetrieebene darf auch durch ein C gehen, beispielsweise bei \text{CH}_3{-}\text{CHOH}{-}\text{CH}_3${\text{CH}}_3-\text{CHOH}-{\text{CH}}_3$.]

[Die Fischerprojektion gibt's nur bei Zuckern.]

[Ist die Position einer OH-Gruppe nicht im Molekülnamen angegeben, so befindet sie sich an C-Atom 1.]

[Übungsaufgabe:] Durch Oxidation von Glycerin kann man Kohlenhydrate erhalten, die alle die Summenformel \text{C}_3\text{H}_6\text{O}_3${\text{C}}_3{\text{H}}_6{\text{O}}_3$ besitzen. [Lösung: D- und L-Glycerinaldehyd sowie 1,3-Dihydroxypropanon (Aceton)]

0.0.1.2.2 ↑ Glucose (Traubenzucker, Dextrose)

Summenformel: \text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6${\text{C}}_6{\text{H}}_{12}{\text{O}}_6$

0.0.1.2.2.1 ↑ Bedeutung

• Fotosyntheseprodukt:

  6\,\text{CO}_2 + 6\,\text{H}_2\text{O} \longrightarrow \text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\,\text{O}_2$6{\text{CO}}_2+6{\text{H}}_2\text{O}\to {\text{C}}_6{\text{H}}_{12}{\text{O}}_6+6{\text{O}}_2$

• Süße Früchte, Honig

• Blitzuckerkonzentration: 120 \,\frac{\mathrm{g}}{\mathrm{l}}$120\frac{\text{g}}{\text{l}}$

• Energieträger im Körper

0.0.1.2.2.2 ↑ Nachweisreaktionen

1. Tollens-/Fehlingprobe → positiv

   unspezifisch

2. GOD-Test

   \underbrace{{ \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{cccc} {} & & & \text{H} \\ {} & & / & \\ {} - & \text{C} & & \\ {} & & \backslash\!\backslash & \\ {} & & & \underline{\text{O}}| \end{array} }}_{\text{gelb}} \stackrel{\text{Glucoseoxidase}}{\longrightarrow} \underbrace{{ \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{ccccc} {} & & & \overline{\text{O}}| & \\ {} & & /\!/ & & \\ {} - & \text{C} & & & \\ {} & & \backslash{} & & \\ {} & & & \text{O} & \text{H} \end{array} }}_{\text{Gluconsäure, grün}}$\underset{\text{gelb}}{\underbrace{\begin{array}{cccc}\hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill ∕\hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \setminus \setminus \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \underset{¯}{\text{O}}\mid \hfill \end{array}}}\stackrel{\text{Glucoseoxidase}}{\to }\underset{\text{Gluconsure, grn}}{\underbrace{\begin{array}{ccccc}\hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \overline{\text{O}}\mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill ∕∕\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \setminus \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \end{array}}}$

3. SCHIFFsche Probe [mit farbloser fuchsinschweflige Säure] → negativ [wegen der Ringbildung der Glucose im Sauren]

   Erwärmen → positiv

{ \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{ccccccccccc} {} & & & {\ } & & & & & & & \\ {} & & & | & & & & & & & \\ {} \text{H} & \text{O} & - & \text{C}_1 & - & - & - & - & - & {+} & \\ {} & & & | & & & & & & | & \\ {} & & - & \text{C}_2 & - & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & | & \\ {} & & & | & & & & & & | & \\ {} \text{H} & \text{O} & - & \text{C}_3 & - & & & & | & \text{O} & | \\ {} & & & | & & & & & & | & \\ {} & & - & \text{C}_4 & - & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & | & \\ {} & & & | & & & & & & | & \\ {} & & - & \text{C}_5 & - & - & - & - & - & {+} & \\ {} & & & | & & & & & & & \\ {} & & - & \text{C}_6 & - & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & \\ {} & & & | & & & & & & & \end{array} } \rightleftharpoons { \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{ccccccc} {} & \text{H} & & & & \overline{\text{O}}| & \\ {} & & \backslash{} & & /\!/ & & \\ {} & & & \text{C}_1 & & & \\ {} & & & | & & & \\ {} & & - & \text{C}_2 & - & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & & | & & & \\ {} \text{H} & \text{O} & - & \text{C}_3 & - & & \\ {} & & & | & & & \\ {} & & - & \text{C}_4 & - & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & & | & & & \\ {} & & - & \text{C}_5 & - & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & & | & & & \\ {} & & - & \text{C}_6 & - & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & & | & & & \end{array} }$\begin{array}{ccccccccccc}\hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_1\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill +\hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_2\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_3\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_4\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_5\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill +\hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_6\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \end{array}\rightleftharpoons \begin{array}{ccccccc}\hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \overline{\text{O}}\mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \setminus \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill ∕∕\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_1\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_2\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_3\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_4\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_5\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_6\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \end{array}$

Zwischen der Aldehydgruppe am \text{C}_1${\text{C}}_1$-Atom und der Hydroxylgruppe am \text{C}_5${\text{C}}_5$-Atom kommt es zu einer innermolekularen Halbacetalbildung.

0.0.1.3 ↑ Haworth-Projektion

{ \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{cccccccccc} {} & & & \text{C}_6 & \text{H}_2 & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & \\ {} & & & | & & & & & & \\ {} & & - & \text{C}_5 & - & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & \overline{\text{O}}| \\ {} & & / & & & & & & /\!/ & \\ {} - & \text{C}_4 & & & & & & \text{C}_1 & & \\ {} & & \backslash{} & | & & | & / & & \backslash{} & \\ {} & & & \text{C}_3 & - & \text{C}_2 & & & & \text{H} \\ {} & & & | & & | & & & & \end{array} } \longrightarrow { \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{ccccccccccccc} {} \text{H} & \text{O} & \text{H}_2 & \text{C}_6 & & & & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & \backslash{} & & & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & - & \text{C}_5 & - & \text{\textbf{O}} & & & & \text{\textbf{O}} & \text{\textbf{H}} \\ {} & & & & / & & & & \backslash{} & & / & & \\ {} & & - & \text{C}_4 & & & & & & \text{\textbf{C}}_1 & & & \\ {} & & & & \backslash{} & | & & | & / & & \backslash{} & & \\ {} & & & & & \text{C}_3 & - & \text{C}_2 & & & & \text{H} & \\ {} & & & & & | & & | & & & & & \end{array} }$\begin{array}{cccccccccc}\hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_6\hfill & \hfill {\text{H}}_2\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_5\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \overline{\text{O}}\mid \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill ∕\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill ∕∕\hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_4\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_1\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \setminus \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill ∕\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \setminus \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_3\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_2\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \end{array}\to \begin{array}{ccccccccccccc}\hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill {\text{H}}_2\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_6\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \setminus \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_5\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill ∕\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \setminus \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill ∕\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_4\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_1\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \setminus \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill ∕\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \setminus \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_3\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_2\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \end{array}$

[Fett: Halbacetel; die fehlenden Bindungspartner an den Strichen ohne eingezeichneten Bindungspartner sind bei dieser Zeichnung nicht notwendigerweise H-Atome, sondern können auch OH-Grup­pen sein.]

[Das O vom C₁ greift das H vom C₅ an. Dann ist das C₁ positiv und das O vom C₅ negativ geladen. Schließlich kommt es dann zum Angriff des Os zum C.]

{ \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{ccccccccccccccccc} {} & & & \text{H} & \text{O} & \text{H}_2 & \text{C} & & & & & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & | & & & & & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & \text{C} & - & - & - & \text{O} & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & \diagup & & \backslash{} & & & & \diagdown & & & & & \\ {} & & \backslash{} & & \diagup & & & & & & & & \diagdown & & / & & \\ {} & & & \text{C} & & & & & & & & & & \text{C}^* & & & \\ {} & & / & & \diagdown & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & \diagup & & \backslash{} & & \\ {} \text{H} & \text{O} & & & & \diagdown & | & & & & | & \diagup & & & & \text{\textbf{O}} & \text{\textbf{H}} \\ {} & & & & & & \text{C} & - & - & - & \text{C} & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & | & & & & | & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & & & & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & \end{array} } \longleftrightarrow { \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{ccccccccccccccccc} {} & & & \text{H} & \text{O} & \text{H}_2 & \text{C} & & & & & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & | & & & & & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & \text{C} & - & - & - & \text{O} & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & \diagup & & \backslash{} & & & & \diagdown & & & & \text{\textbf{O}} & \text{\textbf{H}} \\ {} & & \backslash{} & & \diagup & & & & & & & & \diagdown & & / & & \\ {} & & & \text{C} & & & & & & & & & & \text{C}^* & & & \\ {} & & / & & \diagdown & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & \diagup & & \backslash{} & & \\ {} \text{H} & \text{O} & & & & \diagdown & | & & & & | & \diagup & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & \text{C} & - & - & - & \text{C} & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & | & & & & | & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & & & & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & \end{array} }$\begin{array}{ccccccccccccccccc}\hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill {\text{H}}_2\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \setminus \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \setminus \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill ∕\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}^{\ast }\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill ∕\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \setminus \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \end{array}\leftrightarrow \begin{array}{ccccccccccccccccc}\hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill {\text{H}}_2\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \setminus \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \setminus \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill ∕\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}^{\ast }\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill ∕\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \setminus \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \end{array}$

[Die fettgedruckten OHs sind] glykosidische OH-Gruppe[n.]

[Das asymmetrische C-Atom, was über "\alpha$\alpha$-" oder "\beta$\beta$-Heit" bestimmt, nennt man anomeres C-Atom. Moleküle, die sich nur in der Position der glykosidischen Oh-Gruppen am anomeren C-Atom unterscheiden, sind Diastereoisomere – oder, spezieller – Anomere.]

Mutarotation: In wässriger Lösung stellt sich zwischen den anomeren Formen (\alpha_{\alpha\text{-D-(+)-Glucose}} = 112^\circ${\alpha }_{\alpha \text{-D-(+)-Glucose}}=112^{\circ }$, \alpha_{\beta\text{-D-(+)-Glucose}} = 19^\circ${\alpha }_{\beta \text{-D-(+)-Glucose}}=19^{\circ }$) ein Gleichgewicht ein (\alpha = 52^\circ$\alpha =52^{\circ }$). Die Umwandlung eines Anomeres in das andere erfolgt über die offenkettige Form. Beschleunigung der Gleichgewichtseinstellung [durch] pH- oder T-Änderung.

• Galactose:

  { \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{ccccccc} {} & \text{H} & & & & \overline{\text{O}}| & \\ {} & & \backslash{} & & /\!/ & & \\ {} & & & \text{C} & & & \\ {} & & & | & & & \\ {} & & - & \text{C} & - & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & & | & & & \\ {} \text{H} & \text{O} & - & \text{C} & - & & \\ {} & & & | & & & \\ {} \text{H} & \text{O} & - & \text{C} & - & & \\ {} & & & | & & & \\ {} & & - & \text{C} & - & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & & | & & & \\ {} & & - & \text{C} & - & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & & | & & & \end{array} } \longrightarrow \underbrace{{ \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{ccccccccccccccccc} {} & & & & & & \text{C} & \text{H}_2 & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & | & & & & & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & \text{C} & - & - & - & \text{O} & & & & & & \\ {} & & \text{H} & \text{O} & & \diagup & | & & & & & \diagdown & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & \\ {} & & & | & \diagup & & & & & & & & \diagdown & | & & & \\ {} & & & \text{C} & & & & & & & & & & \text{C} & & & \\ {} & & & | & \diagdown & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & \diagup & | & & & \\ {} & & & & & \diagdown & | & & & & | & \diagup & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & \text{C} & - & - & - & \text{C} & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & | & & & & | & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & & & & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & \end{array} }}_{\beta\text{-(D)-Galactose}}$\begin{array}{ccccccc}\hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \overline{\text{O}}\mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \setminus \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill ∕∕\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \end{array}\to \underset{\beta \text{-(D)-Galactose}}{\underbrace{\begin{array}{ccccccccccccccccc}\hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill {\text{H}}_2\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \end{array}}}$

  Ringformen:

  • Pyranose (6-Ring):

    

  • Furanose (5-Ring):

    

• L-Mannose:

  { \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{ccccccc} {} & \text{H} & & & & \overline{\text{O}}| & \\ {} & & \backslash{} & & /\!/ & & \\ {} & & & \text{C} & & & \\ {} & & & | & & & \\ {} & & - & \text{C} & - & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & & | & & & \\ {} & & - & \text{C} & - & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & & | & & & \\ {} \text{H} & \text{O} & - & \text{C} & - & & \\ {} & & & | & & & \\ {} \text{H} & \text{O} & - & \text{C} & - & & \\ {} & & & | & & & \\ {} & & - & \text{C} & - & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & & | & & & \end{array} } \longrightarrow \underbrace{{ \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{ccccccccccccccccc} {} & & & & & & \text{C} & \text{H}_2 & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & | & & & & & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & \text{C} & - & - & - & \text{O} & & & & & & \\ {} & & \text{H} & \text{O} & & \diagup & | & & & & & \diagdown & & & & & \\ {} & & & | & \diagup & & & & & & & & \diagdown & | & & & \\ {} & & & \text{C} & & & & & & & & & & \text{C} & & & \\ {} & & & | & \diagdown & & & & & & & & \diagup & | & & & \\ {} & & & & & \diagdown & | & & & & | & \diagup & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & \\ {} & & & & & & \text{C} & - & - & - & \text{C} & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & | & & & & | & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & \end{array} }}_{\alpha\text{-(L)-Mannose}}$\begin{array}{ccccccc}\hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \overline{\text{O}}\mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \setminus \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill ∕∕\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \end{array}\to \underset{\alpha \text{-(L)-Mannose}}{\underbrace{\begin{array}{ccccccccccccccccc}\hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill {\text{H}}_2\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \end{array}}}$

0.0.1.3.3 ↑ Fructose (Fruchtzucker)

Summenformel: \text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6${\text{C}}_6{\text{H}}_{12}{\text{O}}_6$ → Konstitutionsisomer der Glucose

a)

Vorkommen: Früchte, Pollen, Honig

b)

Struktur: Ketohexaose

Halbacetalbildung:

{ \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{ccccccc} {} & & & | & & & \\ {} & & - & \text{C}_1 & - & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & & | & & & \\ {} & & & \text{C}_2 & = & \text{O}^\backslash_/ & \\ {} & & & | & & & \\ {} \text{H} & \text{O} & - & \text{C}_3 & - & & \\ {} & & & | & & & \\ {} & & - & \text{C}_4 & - & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & & | & & & \\ {} & & - & \text{C}_5 & - & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & & | & & & \\ {} & & - & \text{C}_6 & - & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & & | & & & \end{array} } \longrightarrow \underbrace{{ \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{ccccccccccccccccc} {} & & & & & & | & & & & & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & \text{C}_6 & - & - & - & \text{O} & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & \diagup & | & & & & & \diagdown & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & \\ {} & & & | & \diagup & & & & & & & & \diagdown & | & & & \\ {} & & & \text{C}_5 & & & & & & & & & & \text{C}_2 & & & \\ {} & & & | & \diagdown & & & & & \text{H} & \text{O} & & \diagup & | & & & \\ {} & & \text{H} & \text{O} & & \diagdown & | & & & & | & \diagup & & \text{C}_1 & \text{H}_2 & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & & & & & \text{C}_4 & - & - & - & \text{C}_3 & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & | & & & & | & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & & & & & \end{array} }}_{\text{Pyranoseform}} \text{ oder } \underbrace{{ \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{ccccccccccccccccc} {} & & & & & & & & \text{O} & & & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & \diagup & & & & \diagdown & & & & & & \\ {} \text{H} & \text{O} & \text{H}_2 & \text{C}_6 & & \diagup & & & & & & \diagdown & & \text{C} & \text{H}_2 & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & & | & \diagup & & & & & & & & \diagdown & | & & & \\ {} & & & \text{C}_5 & & & & & & & & & & \text{C}_2 & & & \\ {} & & & | & \diagdown & & & & & \text{H} & \text{O} & & \diagup & | & & & \\ {} & & & & & \diagdown & | & & & & | & \diagup & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & \\ {} & & & & & & \text{C}_4 & - & - & - & \text{C}_3 & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & | & & & & | & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & & & & & \end{array} }}_{\text{Furanoseform, }\alpha\text{-D-(-)-Fructose}}$\begin{array}{ccccccc}\hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_1\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_2\hfill & \hfill =\hfill & \hfill {\text{O}}_{∕}^{\setminus }\hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_3\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_4\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_5\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_6\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \end{array}\to \underset{\text{Pyranoseform}}{\underbrace{\begin{array}{ccccccccccccccccc}\hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_6\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_5\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_2\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_1\hfill & \hfill {\text{H}}_2\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_4\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_3\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \end{array}}}\text{ oder }\underset{\text{Furanoseform, }\alpha \text{-D-(-)-Fructose}}{\underbrace{\begin{array}{ccccccccccccccccc}\hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill {\text{H}}_2\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_6\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill {\text{H}}_2\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_5\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_2\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_4\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill {\text{C}}_3\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \end{array}}}$

[Ringschluss entweder zwischen dem 2. und 6. C-Atom (→ Pyranoseform) oder dem 2. und 5. C-Atom (→ Furanoseform)]

\underbrace{{ \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{cccccc} {} & & \text{H} & & & \\ {} & & | & & & \\ {} \text{H} & - & \text{C} & - & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & | & & & \\ {} & & \text{C} & = & \text{O}_/^\backslash & \\ {} & & | & & & \\ {} & & \text{R} & & & \end{array} }}_{\text{Fructose}} \rightleftharpoons \underbrace{{ \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{cccc} {} \text{H} & & & \\ {} | & & & \\ {} \text{C} & - & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} \vert\vert{} & & & \\ {} \text{C} & - & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} | & & & \\ {} \text{R} & & & \end{array} }}_{\text{Endiol}} \rightleftharpoons \underbrace{{ \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{cccccc} {} \text{H} & & & & \overline{\text{O}}| & \\ {} & \backslash{} & & /\!/ & & \\ {} & & \text{C} & & & \\ {} & & | & & & \\ {} & - & \text{C} & - & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & | & & & \\ {} & & \text{R} & & & \end{array} }}_{\text{Glucose}}$\underset{\text{Fructose}}{\underbrace{\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill =\hfill & \hfill {\text{O}}_{∕}^{\setminus }\hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{R}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \end{array}}}\rightleftharpoons \underset{\text{Endiol}}{\underbrace{\begin{array}{cccc}\hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \mid \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \text{R}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \end{array}}}\rightleftharpoons \underset{\text{Glucose}}{\underbrace{\begin{array}{cccccc}\hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \overline{\text{O}}\mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \setminus \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill ∕∕\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{R}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \end{array}}}$

→ Fehlingprobe positiv

→ Keto-Enol-Tautomerie [läuft im Alkalischen ab (damit die Fructose nicht in Ringform vorliegt)]

[Spezifischer] Nachweis [der Fructose]: Seliwanow-Reaktion: Fructose, verdünnte Salzsäure, Resorcin (1,3-Dihydroxybenzol) \stackrel{\text{erhitzen}}{\longrightarrow}$\stackrel{\text{erhitzen}}{\to }$

Beobachtung: Rotfärbung

Erklärung: Es bildet sich ein roter Farbstoff.

[Die] Reaktion dient zur Unterscheidung von Glucose und Fructose.

0.0.1.4 ↑ Disaccharide

0.0.1.4.4 ↑ Maltose (Malzzucker)

Versuch: Untersuchung einer mit Maltose versetzten Maltose-Lösung

Beobachtung: GOD-Test positiv, Seliwanow-Probe negativ

Erklärung: Maltose muss aus zwei Molekülen \alpha$\alpha$-Glucose aufgebaut werden.

Die gkykosidische Bindung

Als glykosidische Bindung wird die Bildung eines Vollacetals aus einer glykosidischen und einer alkoholischen Hydroxylgruppe unter Abspaltung von Wasser bezeichnet:

Beispiel:

\underbrace{{ \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{ccccccccccccccc} {} & & & & & & \text{C} & \text{H}_2 & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & | & & & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & \text{C} & - & - & - & \text{O} & & & & \\ {} & & & & & \diagup & | & & & & & \diagdown & & \text{H} & \\ {} & & & | & \diagup & & & & & & & & \diagdown & | & \\ {} & & & \text{C} & & & & & & & & & & \text{C} & \\ {} & & & | & \diagdown & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & \diagup & | & \\ {} & & \text{H} & \text{O} & & \diagdown & | & & & & | & \diagup & & \text{O} & \text{\textbf{H}} \\ {} & & & & & & \text{C} & - & - & - & \text{C} & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & | & & & & | & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & & & & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & \end{array} }}_{\text{Halbacetal}} + \underbrace{\text{\textbf{HO}}{-}\text{R}}_{\text{Alkanol}} \stackrel{\text{Kondensation}}{\longrightarrow} \underbrace{{ \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccc} {} & & & & & & \text{C} & \text{H}_2 & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & | & & & & & & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & \text{C} & - & - & - & \text{\textbf{O}} & & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & \diagup & | & & & & & \diagdown & & \text{\textbf{H}} & & & & \\ {} & & & | & \diagup & & & & & & & & \diagdown & | & & & & \\ {} & & & \text{C} & & & & & & & & & & \text{\textbf{C}} & & & & \\ {} & & & | & \diagdown & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & \diagup & | & & & & \\ {} & & \text{H} & \text{O} & & \diagdown & | & & & & | & \diagup & & {+} & - & \text{\textbf{O}} & - & \text{\textbf{R}} \\ {} & & & & & & \text{C} & - & - & - & \text{C} & & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & | & & & & | & & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & & & & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & & \end{array} }}_{\text{Vollacetal}} + \text{H}_2\text{O}$\underset{\text{Halbacetal}}{\underbrace{\begin{array}{ccccccccccccccc}\hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill {\text{H}}_2\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \end{array}}}+\underset{\text{Alkanol}}{\underbrace{\text{HO}-\text{R}}}\stackrel{\text{Kondensation}}{\to }\underset{\text{Vollacetal}}{\underbrace{\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccc}\hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill {\text{H}}_2\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill +\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{R}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \end{array}}}+{\text{H}}_2\text{O}$

Erfolgt diese Art der Bindung zwischen zwei Monosaccharid-Molekülen, entsteht ein Disaccharid:

Allgemein: 2\,\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 \stackrel{\text{Kondensation}}{\longrightarrow} \text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{C}_{12}\text{H}_{22}\text{O}_{11}$2{\text{C}}_6{\text{H}}_{12}{\text{O}}_6\stackrel{\text{Kondensation}}{\to }{\text{H}}_2\text{O}+{\text{C}}_{12}{\text{H}}_{22}{\text{O}}_{11}$

Glykosidische Bindung im Maltose-Molekül

\underbrace{{ \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{ccccccccccccccc} {} & & & & & & \text{C} & \text{H}_2 & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & | & & & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & \text{C} & - & - & - & \text{O} & & & & \\ {} & & & & & \diagup & | & & & & & \diagdown & & & \\ {} & & & | & \diagup & & & & & & & & \diagdown & | & \\ {} & & & \text{C} & & & & & & & & & & \text{C} & \\ {} & & & | & \diagdown & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & \diagup & | & \\ {} & & \text{H} & \text{O} & & \diagdown & | & & & & | & \diagup & & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & & & & & \text{C} & - & - & - & \text{C} & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & | & & & & | & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & & & & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & \end{array} }}_{\alpha\text{-Glucose}} + \underbrace{{ \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{ccccccccccccccc} {} & & & & & & \text{C} & \text{H}_2 & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & | & & & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & \text{C} & - & - & - & \text{O} & & & & \\ {} & & & & & \diagup & | & & & & & \diagdown & & & \\ {} & & & | & \diagup & & & & & & & & \diagdown & | & \\ {} & & & \text{C} & & & & & & & & & & \text{C} & \\ {} & & & | & \diagdown & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & \diagup & | & \\ {} & & \text{H} & \text{O} & & \diagdown & | & & & & | & \diagup & & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & & & & & \text{C} & - & - & - & \text{C} & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & | & & & & | & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & & & & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & \end{array} }}_{\alpha\text{-Glucose}} \stackrel{-\text{H}_2\text{O}}{\longrightarrow} \underbrace{{ \setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc} {} & & & & & & \text{C} & \text{H}_2 & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & & & & & & & \text{C} & \text{H}_2 & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & | & & & & & & & & & & & & & & | & & & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & \text{C} & - & - & - & \text{O} & & & & & & & & & & \text{C} & - & - & - & \text{O} & & & & \\ {} & & & & & \diagup & | & & & & & \diagdown & & & & & & & & \diagup & | & & & & & \diagdown & & & \\ {} & & & | & \diagup & & & & & & & & \diagdown & | & & & & | & \diagup & & & & & & & & \diagdown & | & \\ {} & & & \text{C} & & & & & & & & & & \text{C} & & & & \text{C} & & & & & & & & & & \text{C} & \\ {} & & & | & \diagdown & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & \diagup & | & & & & | & \diagdown & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & \diagup & | & \\ {} & & \text{H} & \text{O} & & \diagdown & | & & & & | & \diagup & & {+} & - & \text{O} & - & {+} & & \diagdown & | & & & & | & \diagup & & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & & & & & \text{C} & - & - & - & \text{C} & & & & & & & & & & \text{C} & - & - & - & \text{C} & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & | & & & & | & & & & & & & & & & | & & & & | & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & & & & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & & & & & & & & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & \end{array} }}_{\text{Maltose: }\alpha\text{-1,4-glykosidische Verknüpfung}}$\underset{\alpha \text{-Glucose}}{\underbrace{\begin{array}{ccccccccccccccc}\hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill {\text{H}}_2\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \end{array}}}+\underset{\alpha \text{-Glucose}}{\underbrace{\begin{array}{ccccccccccccccc}\hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill {\text{H}}_2\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \end{array}}}\stackrel{-{\text{H}}_2\text{O}}{\to }\underset{\text{Maltose: }\alpha \text{-1,4-glykosidische Verknpfung}}{\underbrace{\begin{array}{ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc}\hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill {\text{H}}_2\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill {\text{H}}_2\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill +\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill +\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \end{array}}}$

Bei der Maltose handelt es sich um ein reduzierenden Zucker.

[Im Alkalischen können die Ringe (genauer: mindestens ein Ring) aufgehen und damit die Aldehydgruppe freigeben → Fehlingprobe positiv]

0.0.1.4.5 ↑ Trehalose

[\alpha$\alpha$-1,1-glykosidische Verknüpfung zweier \alpha$\alpha$-Glucose-Moleküle]

\setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc} {} & & & & & & \text{C} & \text{H}_2 & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & \\ {} & & & & & & | & & & & & & & & & & & & & & | & & & & | & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & \text{C} & - & - & - & \text{O} & & & & & & & & & & \text{C} & - & - & - & \text{C} & & & & \\ {} & & & & & \diagup & | & & & & & \diagdown & & & & & & & & \diagup & | & & & & | & \diagdown & & & \\ {} & & & | & \diagup & & & & & & & & \diagdown & | & & & & | & \diagup & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & \diagdown & | & \\ {} & & & \text{C} & & & & & & & & & & \text{C} & & & & \text{C} & & & & & & & & & & \text{C} & \\ {} & & & | & \diagdown & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & \diagup & | & & & & | & \diagdown & & & \text{H} & \text{O} & \text{H}_2 & \text{C} & & \diagup & | & \\ {} & & \text{H} & \text{O} & & \diagdown & | & & & & | & \diagup & & {+} & - & \text{O} & - & {+} & & \diagdown & & & & & | & \diagup & & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & & & & & \text{C} & - & - & - & \text{C} & & & & & & & & & & \text{O} & - & - & - & \text{C} & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & | & & & & | & & & & & & & & & & & & & & | & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & & & & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \end{array}$\begin{array}{ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc}\hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill {\text{H}}_2\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill {\text{H}}_2\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill +\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill +\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \end{array}$

0.0.1.4.6 ↑ Saccharose (Rohrzucker)

a)

Vorkommen: Zuckerrübe/Zuckerrohr

b)

Aufbau:

[Fehlingprobe positiv, Fehlingprobe, GOD-Test und Saliwanow-Test der Zerlegung in Monosaccharidbausteine durch Salzsäure ebenfalls positiv.]

Erklärung: Saccharose enthält ein Moklekül Glucose und ein Molekül Fructose. \alpha$\alpha$-Glucose, \beta$\beta$-Fructose, 1,2-glykosidisch

\setlength{\arraycolsep}{0pt} \begin{array}{ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc} {} & & & & & & \text{C} & \text{H}_2 & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & | & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & \text{C} & - & - & - & \text{O} & & & & & & & & & & {+} & - & \text{O} & - & {+} & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & \diagup & | & & & & & \diagdown & & & \text{H} & \text{O} & \text{H}_2 & \text{C} & & \diagup & & & & & & \diagdown & & & & & \\ {} & & & | & \diagup & & & & & & & & \diagdown & | & & & & | & \diagup & & & & & & & & \diagdown & | & & & \\ {} & & & \text{C} & & & & & & & & & & \text{C} & & & & \text{C} & & & & & & & & & & \text{C} & & & \\ {} & & & | & \diagdown & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & \diagup & | & & & & | & \diagdown & & & & & \text{H} & \text{O} & & \diagup & | & & & \\ {} & & \text{H} & \text{O} & & \diagdown & | & & & & | & \diagup & & {+} & - & \text{O} & - & {+} & & \diagdown & | & & & & | & \diagup & & \text{C} & \text{H}_2 & \text{O} & \text{H} \\ {} & & & & & & \text{C} & - & - & - & \text{C} & & & & & & & & & & \text{C} & - & - & - & \text{C} & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & | & & & & | & & & & & & & & & & | & & & & | & & & & & & \\ {} & & & & & & & & & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & & & & & \text{O} & \text{H} & & & & & & & & & \end{array}$\begin{array}{ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc}\hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill {\text{H}}_2\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill +\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill +\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill {\text{H}}_2\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill +\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill +\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \backslash \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill /\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill {\text{H}}_2\hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill -\hfill & \hfill \text{C}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \mid \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \\ \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \text{O}\hfill & \hfill \text{H}\hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill & \hfill \hfill \end{array}$

Die Saccharose ist ein nicht reduzierender Zucker.

c)

Inversion der Saccharose

\underbrace{\text{C}_{12}\text{H}_{22}\text{O}_{11}}_{\scriptsize\begin{array}{@{}c}\text{(+)-Saccharose}\\\alpha = 66^\circ\end{array}} \stackrel{\text{H}_3\text{O}^+}{\longrightarrow} \underbrace{\underbrace{\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6}_{\scriptsize\begin{array}{@{}c}\alpha\text{-(+)-Glucose}\\\alpha = 56^\circ\end{array}} + \underbrace{\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6}_{\scriptsize\begin{array}{@{}c}\beta\text{-(-)-Fructose}\\\alpha = -92^\circ\end{array}}}_{\alpha = 36^\circ}$\underset{\begin{array}{c}\hfill \text{(+)-Saccharose}\hfill \\ \hfill \alpha =66^{\circ }\hfill \end{array}}{\underbrace{{\text{C}}_{12}{\text{H}}_{22}{\text{O}}_{11}}}\stackrel{{\text{H}}_3{\text{O}}^{+}}{\to }\underset{\alpha =36^{\circ }}{\underbrace{\underset{\begin{array}{c}\hfill \alpha \text{-(+)-Glucose}\hfill \\ \hfill \alpha =56^{\circ }\hfill \end{array}}{\underbrace{{\text{C}}_6{\text{H}}_{12}{\text{O}}_6}}+\underset{\begin{array}{c}\hfill \beta \text{-(-)-Fructose}\hfill \\ \hfill \alpha =-92^{\circ }\hfill \end{array}}{\underbrace{{\text{C}}_6{\text{H}}_{12}{\text{O}}_6}}}}$